Zolemba Zoteteza Zachilengedwe Za Matumba Otenthetsera Matenthedwe
Mafotokozedwe Akatundu
Matumba otchinjiriza matenthedwe opangidwa ndi Huizhou Industrial Cold Chain Transportation Technology Co., Ltd. adapangidwa mwapadera kuti aziyendera mayendedwe ozizira.Amakhala ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri yotchinjiriza, kuteteza chilengedwe, kulimba, komanso kusinthikanso.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazosowa zoyendera zoyendetsedwa ndi kutentha muzakudya, zamankhwala ndi zina.
Ubwino wa chilengedwe
1. Zida zoteteza chilengedwe
- Chikwama chakunja cha chikwama chotchinjiriza chimapangidwa ndi zinthu zobwezeretsedwanso za polyester fiber (PET), ndipo wosanjikiza wamkati umadzaza ndi zinthu zoteteza zachilengedwe kuti zitsimikizire kuti sizowopsa komanso zopanda vuto pakagwiritsidwa ntchito.
- Zidazi zayesedwa mwamphamvu ndi chilengedwe ndikutsata zofunikira za EU ROHS malangizo ndi REACH.
2. Zogwiritsidwanso ntchito
- Chikwama cha Insulation chidapangidwa kuti chikhale cholimba komanso chokhazikika, chothandizira kangapo kogwiritsa ntchito.Zambiri zoyeserera zikuwonetsa kuti m'malo ogwiritsidwa ntchito bwino, chikwama chotsekereza chimatha kubwezeretsedwanso nthawi zopitilira 100, ndikuchepetsa mtengo wamakasitomala komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu.
3. Kubwezeretsanso
- Matumba athu otchinjiriza amatha kusinthidwanso ndikugwiritsidwanso ntchito.Pambuyo pakugwiritsa ntchito, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kutumiza matumba otchinjiriza kumalo okonzedwanso kuti akonzenso, ndikuchepetsanso kulemetsa kwa chilengedwe.
R&D data ndi malipoti oyesa
Pofuna kutsimikizira momwe chilengedwe chimagwirira ntchito komanso moyo wantchito wa thumba la insulation, tidayesa mwatsatanetsatane.Zotsatirazi ndi chidule cha data yoyenera ya R&D ndi malipoti oyesa:
1. Mayeso olimba azinthu
- Njira yoyesera: Ikani chikwama chotchinjiriza pamalo ofananira ndi mayendedwe ndikusintha kutentha mobwerezabwereza ndikuyesa kugwedezeka kwamakina.
- Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti chikwama chotchinjiriza chotenthetsera chimagwirabe ntchito pambuyo pa 100 yogwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo kuwonongeka kwake sikuchepera 1%.
2. Kuyesa kwa insulation performance
- Njira yoyesera: Sungani chikwama chotchinjiriza chokhala ndi zinthu za kutentha kosiyanasiyana ndikuyesa kusintha kwa kutentha.
- Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti chikwama chotchinjiriza chotenthetsera chimatha kusunga kutentha kwamkati pansi pa 5 ℃ kwa maola 12 pa kutentha kwapakati (25 ℃), ndipo mphamvu yotchinjiriza ndiyabwino kwambiri.
3. Kuwunika Zokhudza Zachilengedwe
- Njira yoyesera: Pangani kuwunika kwa moyo wanu (LCA) pakupanga, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kukonzanso kwa chikwama chotchinjiriza kuti muwerenge momwe mpweya wake wakhalira.
- Zotsatira zikuwonetsa: Poyerekeza ndi matumba otchinjiriza achikhalidwe, matumba athu otsekera amatha kuchepetsa mpweya wa carbon ndi pafupifupi 18% pa moyo wawo wonse.
Zotsatirazi ndizomwe zimayesa mayeso ndi matebulo:
| Zinthu zoyesa | Njira zoyesera | Zotsatira za mayeso |
| Nambala Yamazungulira | Kusintha kwa Kutentha ndi Kuyesa Kwamphamvu Kwamakina | ≥150 nthawi |
| Kugwira nthawi | Kuyeza kutentha kwa chipinda Kutentha | <5 ℃ mkati mwa maola 48 |
| Zowonongeka | Kuwunika Pambuyo pa Mechanical Impact | ＜0.5% |
| Kuchepetsa mpweya wa carbon | Kuwunika kuzungulira kwa moyo wonse | 25% kuchepetsa |
Green solution kupanga
Sitimangopereka zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri zotchinjiriza thumba, komanso kupatsa makasitomala ntchito zopangira zobiriwira zobiriwira kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa mpweya pamayendedwe ozizira:
1. Konzani njira zothetsera mayendedwe ozizira
- Timapereka mayankho amayendedwe ozizirira makonda malinga ndi zosowa za makasitomala, kukhathamiritsa mayendedwe amayendedwe ndi mafiriji, ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.
2. Kubwezeretsa kwazinthu ndikugwiritsanso ntchito kukonzekera
- Khazikitsani dongosolo lathunthu lobwezeretsanso ndikulimbikitsa makasitomala kuti atumize zikwama zotchinjiriza zomwe zagwiritsidwa kale ntchito kumalo obwezeretsanso kuti akonzenso ndikugwiritsanso ntchito kuti atalikitse moyo wautumiki wa chinthucho.
3. Mawerengedwe a mapazi a carbon ndi njira zochepetsera utsi
- Thandizani makasitomala kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya pamayendedwe awo ozizira, kupanga njira zochepetsera kutulutsa, ndikulimbikitsa kukwaniritsidwa kwamayendedwe obiriwira.
Mapeto
Huizhou Industrial Cold Chain Transportation Technology Co., Ltd. yakhala ikutsatira luso lachitetezo cha chilengedwe ndipo yadzipereka kupatsa makasitomala njira zoyendera zozizira komanso zosamalira zachilengedwe.Tikuyembekeza kugwira ntchito ndi makasitomala apadziko lonse lapansi kuti tilimbikitse limodzi tsogolo lazogulitsa zobiriwira zobiriwira.Kuti mudziwe zambiri zamalonda kapena zothetsera zobiriwira, chonde lemberani magulu athu ogulitsa ndi ukadaulo.
Zolemba za Insulation Box Environmental Protection
Mafotokozedwe Akatundu
Mabokosi okhala ndi insulated opangidwa ndi Huizhou Industrial Cold Chain Transportation Technology Co., Ltd. adapangidwa mwapadera kuti aziyendera mayendedwe ozizira.Amakhala ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri yotchinjiriza, ndi ochezeka ndi chilengedwe, olimba, komanso amatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito.Iwo ndi oyenera kutentha ankalamulira zofuna zoyendera chakudya, mankhwala, etc.
Ubwino wa chilengedwe
Zida ndizogwirizana ndi chilengedwe:
Chigoba chakunja cha chofungatiracho chimapangidwa ndi zinthu zobwezerezedwanso kwambiri za polyethylene (HDPE), ndipo wosanjikiza wamkati ndi thovu la polyurethane (PU), kuwonetsetsa kuti silili poizoni komanso lopanda vuto pakagwiritsidwa ntchito.Zida zonse zadutsa mayeso okhwima a chilengedwe ndikutsata zofunikira za EU ROHS malangizo ndi REACH.
zogwiritsidwanso ntchito:
Bokosi lotsekeredwa limapangidwa kuti likhale lolimba komanso lolimba, lothandizira kangapo kogwiritsa ntchito.Deta yoyesera ikuwonetsa kuti pansi pamikhalidwe yogwiritsiridwa ntchito bwino, chofungatira chimatha kubwezerezedwanso nthawi zopitilira 150, ndikuchepetsa mtengo wamakasitomala komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu.
konzanso ndikugwiritsanso ntchito:
Mabokosi athu otsekeredwa amatha kubwezeretsedwanso ndikugwiritsidwanso ntchito.Akagwiritsidwa ntchito, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kutumiza mabokosi otsekeredwa kumalo okonzedwanso kuti awonedwenso, ndikuchepetsanso zovuta zachilengedwe.
R&D data ndi malipoti oyesa
Pofuna kutsimikizira momwe chilengedwe chikuyendera komanso moyo wautumiki wa chofungatira, tidayesa mwatsatanetsatane.Zotsatirazi ndi chidule cha data yoyenera ya R&D ndi malipoti oyesa:
1. Mayeso olimba azinthu
- Njira yoyesera: ikani bokosi lotsekeredwa pamalo oyeserera ndikusintha kutentha mobwerezabwereza ndikuyesa kugwedezeka kwamakina.
- Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti bokosi lotsekera limasungabe magwiridwe antchito atatha kugwiritsa ntchito 150, ndipo chiwopsezo chake ndi chochepera 0.3%.
2. Kuyesa kwa insulation performance
- Njira yoyesera: Sungani chofungatira ndi zinthu za kutentha kosiyana ndikuyesa kusintha kwa kutentha.
- Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti chofungatira chimatha kusunga kutentha kwamkati pansi pa 5 ° C kwa maola 48 pa kutentha kwapakati (25 ° C), ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri za kutentha.
3. Kuwunika Zokhudza Zachilengedwe
- Njira yoyesera: Pangani kuwunika kwa moyo wanu (LCA) pakupanga, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kubwezeretsanso njira za chofungatira kuti muwerengere kuchuluka kwa mpweya wake.
- Zotsatira zikuwonetsa: Poyerekeza ndi zofungatira zachikhalidwe zotayidwa, zofungatira zathu zimatha kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni pafupifupi 25% m'moyo wawo wonse.
Zotsatirazi ndizomwe zimayesa mayeso ndi matebulo:
| Zinthu zoyesa | Njira zoyesera | Zotsatira za mayeso |
| Nambala Yamazungulira | Kusintha kwa Kutentha ndi Kuyesa Kwamphamvu Kwamakina | ≥150 nthawi |
| Kugwira nthawi | Kuyeza kutentha kwa chipinda Kutentha | <5 ℃ mkati mwa maola 48 |
| Zowonongeka | Kuwunika Pambuyo pa Mechanical Impact | ＜0.5% |
| Kuchepetsa mpweya wa carbon | Kuwunika kuzungulira kwa moyo wonse | 25% kuchepetsa |
Green solution kupanga
Huizhou Industrial sikuti imangopereka zinthu zamabokosi apamwamba kwambiri, komanso imapatsanso makasitomala ntchito zopangira zobiriwira zobiriwira kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa mpweya pamayendedwe ozizira:
Konzani njira zothetsera bata
Kutengera zosowa zenizeni za makasitomala, timapereka njira zosinthira zoziziritsa kuzizira, kukhathamiritsa mayendedwe amayendedwe ndi mafiriji, ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.
Kubwezeretsa katundu ndikukonzekera kugwiritsanso ntchito
Khazikitsani dongosolo lathunthu lobwezeretsanso ndikulimbikitsa makasitomala kuti atumize mabokosi omwe agwiritsidwa kale ntchito kumalo obwezeretsanso kuti akonzenso ndikugwiritsanso ntchito kuti atalikitse moyo wautumiki wa chinthucho.
Mawerengedwe amtundu wa Carbon ndi njira zochepetsera utsi
Thandizani makasitomala kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mpweya wawo wa carbon panthawi ya mayendedwe ozizira, kupanga njira zochepetsera mpweya, ndikulimbikitsa kukwaniritsidwa kwa mayendedwe obiriwira.
Mapeto
Huizhou Industrial Cold Chain Transportation Technology Co., Ltd. yakhala ikutsatira luso lachitetezo cha chilengedwe ndipo yadzipereka kupatsa makasitomala njira zoyendera zozizira komanso zosamalira zachilengedwe.Tikuyembekeza kugwira ntchito ndi makasitomala apadziko lonse lapansi kuti tilimbikitse limodzi tsogolo lazogulitsa zobiriwira zobiriwira.Kuti mudziwe zambiri zamalonda kapena zothetsera zobiriwira, chonde lemberani magulu athu ogulitsa ndi ukadaulo.
Ice Bag Environmental Protection Documents
Mafotokozedwe Akatundu
Matumba oundana opangidwa ndi Huizhou Industrial Cold Chain Transportation Technology Co., Ltd. adapangidwa mwapadera kuti aziyenda mozizira.Iwo ali ndi mikhalidwe ya kutchinjiriza imayenera, kuteteza chilengedwe, durability, ndi reusability.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazosowa zoyendera zoyendetsedwa ndi kutentha muzakudya, zamankhwala ndi zina.
Ubwino wa chilengedwe
1. Zida zoteteza chilengedwe
- Chosanjikiza chakunja cha thumba la ayezi chimapangidwa ndi zinthu zobwezeretsanso polyethylene (PE), ndipo wosanjikiza wamkati ndi gel osakaniza zachilengedwe, kuwonetsetsa kuti siwowopsa komanso wopanda vuto pakagwiritsidwa ntchito.
- Zidazi zayesedwa mwamphamvu ndi chilengedwe ndikutsata zofunikira za EU ROHS malangizo ndi REACH.
2. Zogwiritsidwanso ntchito
- Paketi ya ayezi idapangidwa kuti ikhale yolimba komanso imathandizira kangapo kogwiritsa ntchito.Zambiri zoyeserera zikuwonetsa kuti pakagwiritsidwe ntchito bwino, paketi ya ayezi imatha kubwezeredwa nthawi zopitilira 200, ndikuchepetsa mtengo wamakasitomala komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu.
3. Kubwezeretsanso
- Matumba athu oundana amatha kubwezeretsedwanso.Pambuyo pakugwiritsa ntchito, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kutumiza matumba a ayezi kumalo okonzedwanso kuti akonzenso, ndikuchepetsanso kulemetsa kwa chilengedwe.
R&D data ndi malipoti oyesa
Pofuna kutsimikizira momwe chilengedwe chimagwirira ntchito komanso moyo wantchito wa ice pack, tidayesa mwatsatanetsatane.Zotsatirazi ndi chidule cha data yoyenera ya R&D ndi malipoti oyesa:
1. Mayeso olimba azinthu
- Njira yoyesera: Ikani paketi ya ayezi pamalo ofananira ndi mayendedwe ndikusintha kutentha mobwerezabwereza ndikuyesa kugwedezeka kwamakina.
- Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti pakagwiritsidwa ntchito mozungulira 200, thumba la ayezi limasungabe kutentha kwamafuta ndipo chiwopsezo chake ndi chochepera 0.5%.
2. Kuyesa kwa insulation performance
- Njira yoyesera: Sungani thumba la ayezi pamodzi ndi zinthu za kutentha kosiyana ndikuyesa kusintha kwa kutentha.
- Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti paketi ya ayezi imatha kusunga kutentha kwamkati pansi pa 5 ℃ kwa maola 24 pa kutentha kwapakati (25 ℃), ndikuteteza kwambiri kutentha.
3. Kuwunika Zokhudza Zachilengedwe
- Njira yoyesera: Chitani kafukufuku wozungulira moyo (LCA) pakupanga, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kubwezeretsanso matumba a ayezi kuti awerengere momwe amakhalira.
- Zotsatira zikuwonetsa: Poyerekeza ndi matumba a ayezi otayidwa, matumba athu a ayezi amatha kuchepetsa mpweya wa kaboni pafupifupi 20% m'moyo wawo wonse.
Zotsatirazi ndizomwe zimayesa mayeso ndi matebulo:
| Zinthu zoyesa | Njira zoyesera | Zotsatira za mayeso |
| Nambala Yamazungulira | Kusintha kwa Kutentha ndi Kuyesa Kwamphamvu Kwamakina | ≥200 nthawi |
| Kugwira nthawi | Kuyeza kutentha kwa chipinda Kutentha | <5 ℃ mkati mwa maola 24 |
| Zowonongeka | Kuwunika Pambuyo pa Mechanical Impact | ＜0.5% |
| Kuchepetsa mpweya wa carbon | Kuwunika kuzungulira kwa moyo wonse | 20% kuchepetsa |
Green solution kupanga
Sitimangopereka zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri zopangira ayezi, komanso timaperekanso makasitomala ntchito zopangira zobiriwira zobiriwira kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa mpweya pamayendedwe ozizira:
1. Konzani njira zothetsera mayendedwe ozizira
- Timapereka mayankho amayendedwe ozizirira makonda malinga ndi zosowa za makasitomala, kukhathamiritsa mayendedwe amayendedwe ndi mafiriji, ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.
2. Kubwezeretsa kwazinthu ndikugwiritsanso ntchito kukonzekera
- Khazikitsani dongosolo lathunthu lobwezeretsanso ndikulimbikitsa makasitomala kuti atumize zikwama za ayezi zomwe zagwiritsidwa kale ntchito kumalo obwezeretsanso kuti akonzenso ndikugwiritsanso ntchito kukulitsa moyo wautumiki wa chinthucho.
3. Mawerengedwe a mapazi a carbon ndi njira zochepetsera utsi
- Thandizani makasitomala kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mpweya wawo wa carbon panthawi ya mayendedwe ozizira, kupanga njira zochepetsera mpweya, ndikulimbikitsa kukwaniritsidwa kwa mayendedwe obiriwira.
Mapeto
Huizhou Industrial Cold Chain Transportation Technology Co., Ltd. yakhala ikutsatira luso lachitetezo cha chilengedwe ndipo yadzipereka kupatsa makasitomala njira zoyendera zozizira komanso zosamalira zachilengedwe.Tikuyembekeza kugwira ntchito ndi makasitomala apadziko lonse lapansi kuti tilimbikitse limodzi tsogolo lazogulitsa zobiriwira zobiriwira.Kuti mudziwe zambiri zamalonda kapena zothetsera zobiriwira, chonde lemberani magulu athu ogulitsa ndi ukadaulo.
Ice Box Environmental Protection Documents
Mafotokozedwe Akatundu
Mabokosi oundana opangidwa ndi Huizhou Industrial Cold Chain Transportation Technology Co., Ltd. adapangidwa mwapadera kuti aziyenda mozizira.Amakhala ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri yotsekera matenthedwe, ndi ochezeka ndi chilengedwe, olimba, komanso amatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito.Iwo ndi oyenera kutentha ankalamulira zosowa zoyendera chakudya, mankhwala, etc.
Ubwino wa chilengedwe
1. Zida zoteteza chilengedwe
- Chigoba chakunja cha bokosi la ayezi chimapangidwa ndi zinthu zowonjezeredwa za polyethylene (HDPE), ndipo gawo lamkati ndilogwirizana ndi chilengedwe (PCM) kuti zitsimikizire kuti sizowopsa komanso zopanda vuto pakagwiritsidwa ntchito.
- Zida zonse zadutsa mayeso okhwima a chilengedwe ndikutsata malangizo a EU ROHS ndi REACH.
2. Zogwiritsidwanso ntchito
- Bokosi la ayezi limapangidwa kuti likhale lolimba komanso lolimba, lothandizira maulendo angapo ogwiritsidwa ntchito.Deta yoyesera ikuwonetsa kuti pansi pamikhalidwe yogwiritsiridwa ntchito bwino, bokosi la ayezi litha kusinthidwanso nthawi zopitilira 150, ndikuchepetsa mtengo wamakasitomala komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu.
3. Kubwezeretsanso
- Mabokosi athu oundana amatha kubwezeredwanso.Pambuyo pakugwiritsa ntchito, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kutumiza mabokosi oundana kumalo okonzedwanso kuti akonzenso, ndikuchepetsanso kulemetsa kwa chilengedwe.
R&D data ndi malipoti oyesa
Pofuna kutsimikizira momwe chilengedwe chimagwirira ntchito komanso moyo wautumiki wa ice box, tidayesa mwatsatanetsatane.Zotsatirazi ndi chidule cha data yoyenera ya R&D ndi malipoti oyesa:
1. Mayeso olimba azinthu
- Njira yoyesera: Ikani bokosi la ayezi pamalo ofananirako ndi mayendedwe ndikusintha kutentha mobwerezabwereza ndikuyesa kugwedezeka kwamakina.
- Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti bokosi la ayezi limasungabe kutentha kwamafuta pambuyo poti 150 ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo kuwonongeka kwake sikuchepera 0.3%.
2. Kuyesa kwa insulation performance
- Njira yoyesera: Sungani bokosi la ayezi ndi zinthu za kutentha kosiyana ndikuyesa kusintha kwa kutentha.
- Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti bokosi la ayezi limatha kusunga kutentha kwamkati pansi pa 5 ℃ kwa maola 48 pa kutentha kwapakati (25 ℃), ndikuteteza kwambiri kutentha.
3. Kuwunika Zokhudza Zachilengedwe
- Njira yoyesera: Chitani kafukufuku wozungulira moyo (LCA) pakupanga, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kubwezereranso kwa bokosi la ayezi kuti muwerenge kuchuluka kwa mpweya wake.
- Zotsatira zikuwonetsa: Poyerekeza ndi mabokosi a ayezi omwe amatayidwa, mabokosi athu a ayezi amatha kuchepetsa mpweya wa carbon ndi pafupifupi 25% m'moyo wawo wonse.
Zotsatirazi ndizomwe zimayesa mayeso ndi matebulo:
| Zinthu zoyesa | Njira zoyesera | Zotsatira za mayeso |
| Nambala Yamazungulira | Kusintha kwa Kutentha ndi Kuyesa Kwamphamvu Kwamakina | ≥150 nthawi |
| Kugwira nthawi | Kuyeza kutentha kwa chipinda Kutentha | <5 ℃ mkati mwa maola 48 |
| Zowonongeka | Kuwunika Pambuyo pa Mechanical Impact | ＜0.3% |
| Kuchepetsa mpweya wa carbon | Kuwunika kuzungulira kwa moyo wonse | 25% kuchepetsa |
Green solution kupanga
Sitimangopereka zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri zamabokosi oundana, komanso timapatsa makasitomala ntchito zopangira zobiriwira kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa mpweya pamayendedwe ozizira:
1. Konzani njira zothetsera mayendedwe ozizira
- Timapereka mayankho amayendedwe ozizirira makonda malinga ndi zosowa za makasitomala, kukhathamiritsa mayendedwe amayendedwe ndi mafiriji, ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.
2. Kubwezeretsa kwazinthu ndikugwiritsanso ntchito kukonzekera
- Khazikitsani dongosolo lathunthu lobwezeretsanso ndikulimbikitsa makasitomala kuti atumize mabokosi owundana omwe agwiritsidwa kale ntchito kumalo obwezeretsanso kuti akonzenso ndikugwiritsanso ntchito kuti awonjezere moyo wautumiki wa chinthucho.
3. Mawerengedwe a mapazi a carbon ndi njira zochepetsera utsi
- Thandizani makasitomala kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mpweya wawo wa carbon panthawi ya mayendedwe ozizira, kupanga njira zochepetsera mpweya, ndikulimbikitsa kukwaniritsidwa kwa mayendedwe obiriwira.
Mapeto
Huizhou Industrial Cold Chain Transportation Technology Co., Ltd. yakhala ikutsatira luso lachitetezo cha chilengedwe ndipo yadzipereka kupatsa makasitomala njira zoyendera zozizira komanso zosamalira zachilengedwe.Tikuyembekeza kugwira ntchito ndi makasitomala apadziko lonse lapansi kuti tilimbikitse limodzi tsogolo lazogulitsa zobiriwira zobiriwira.Kuti mudziwe zambiri zamalonda kapena zothetsera zobiriwira, chonde lemberani magulu athu ogulitsa ndi ukadaulo.